Alices Adventures in Wonderland Book Review

Alices Adventures in Wonderland is one of the most famous and enduring childrens classics. The novel is full of whimsical charm, and a feeling for the absurd that is unsurpassed. But, who was Lewis Carroll? Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson) was a mathematician and logician who lectured at Oxford University. He balanced both personas, as he used his study in the sciences to create his eminently strange books. Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a charming, light book, that reputedly pleased Queen Victoria. She asked to receive the authors next work and was swiftly sent a copy of An Elementary Treatment of Determinants. Synopsis The book begins with young Alice, bored, sitting by a river, reading a book with her sister. Then Alice catches sight of a small white figure, a rabbit dressed in a waistcoat and holding a pocket watch, murmuring to himself that he is late. She runs after the rabbit and follows it into a hole. After falling into the depths of the earth, she finds herself in a corridor full of doors. At the end of the corridor, there is a tiny door with a tiny key through which Alice can see a beautiful garden that she is desperate to enter. She then spots a bottle labeled Drink me (which she does) and begins to shrink until she is small enough to fit through the door. Unfortunately, she has left the key that fits the lock on a table, now well out of her reach. She then finds a cake labeled Eat me (which, again, she does), and is restored to her normal size. Disconcerted by this frustrating series of events, Alice begins to cry, and as she does, she shrinks and is washed away in her own tears. This strange beginning leads to a series of progressively ​curiouser and curiouser events, which see Alice babysit a pig, take part in a tea party that is held hostage by time (so never ends), and engage in a game of croquet in which flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls. She meets some extravagant and incredible characters, from the Cheshire Cat to a caterpillar smoking a hookah and being decidedly contradictory. She also, famously, meets the Queen of Hearts who has a penchant for execution.​ The book reaches its climax in the trial of the Knave of Hearts, who is accused of stealing the Queens tarts. A good deal of nonsense evidence is given against the unfortunate man, and a letter is produced which only refers to events by pronouns (but which is supposedly damning evidence). Alice, who by now has grown to a great size, stands up for the Knave and the Queen, predictably, demands her execution. As she is fighting off the Queen’s card soldiers, Alice awakes, realizing she has been dreaming all along. Review Carrolls book is episodic and reveals more in the situations that it contrives than in any serious attempt at plot or character analysis. Like a series of nonsense poems or stories created more for their puzzling nature or illogical delightfulness, the events of Alices adventure are her encounters with incredible but immensely likable characters. Carroll was a master of toying with the eccentricities of language. One feels that Carroll is never more at home than when he is playing, punning, or otherwise messing around with the English tongue. Although the book has been interpreted in numerous ways, from an allegory of semiotics theory to a drug-fueled hallucination, perhaps it is this playfulness that has ensured its  success over the last century. The book is brilliant for children, but with enough hilarity and joy for life in it to please adults too, Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a lovely book with which to take a brief respite from our overly rational and sometimes dreary world.

Essay on The Dead - 1219 Words

Gaofeng Li At home essay #2 EN 102 Prof. Pryor The Dead In the novel The Dead, Gabriel Conroy, who is the nephew of Julia and Kate Morkan, is the main character of the story. One night he and his wife attended a party, which was given by his two aunts, and there were many other members in the party. The story revolves around their life and memories.Gabriel Conroy felt a blur between his soul and the dead. Some people died, but they are still alive because they have true love. Some people are alive, but they are still dead because they never love.I like the story for three reasons. First, the of content Gabriels speech at the party impressed me a lot. James Joyce, who is a genius writer, is like all other Irish writers, he loveshis†¦show more content†¦Very good: that was one for Miss Ivors.†(Joyce, 134) Second, my heart is moved that Gabriel looks at his wife, Gretta, on the stairs. It is the real love, the pure love. He was attracted by thelonely figure of his wife. A woman, standing in the shadow also. It is his wife. It isgrace and mystery, just like a symbol. It is his wife. The reason why he was attracted by the figure of his wife is because it is his own shadow, his heart shadow:standing alone on the high stairs, forgetting time and space, immersing in his own grief in. He is also eager to know whathis wife is thinking about. â€Å"Gabriel had not gone to the door with the others. He was in a dark part of the hall gazing up the staircase. A woman was standing near the top of the first flight, in the shadow also. He could not see her face but he could see the terra-cotta and salmon-pink panels of her skirt which the shadow made appear black and white. It was his wife. She was leaning on the banisters, listening to something. Gabriel was surprised at her stillness and strained his ear to listen also. But he could hear little save the noise of laughter and dispute on the front steps, a few chords struck on the piano and a few notes of a mans voice singing.† (Joyce, 144) Gretta was twice reminded ofShow MoreRelated The Dead Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesThe Dead 1) Symbolic meaning of snow†¦ a. Beginning when first enters Aunts house (warmth) he is out of the snow = coldness, isolation and inhumanity. But when enters the home he is surrounded with warmth and acceptance. Pages 10-11 b. Page 25 Gabriel was nervous about presenting his speech and sought comfort at a window. Looking outside at the falling snow, Gabriel he received a form of release, escape and feeling that he is unknown. c. At the end of the story, when Gabriel is withRead More Comparing the Living Dead in James Joyces The Dead and Dubliners1172 Words   |  5 PagesDubliners and The Living Dead      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his work The Dead, James Joyce utilizes his character Michael Furey, Gretta Conroys deceased love from her youth, as an apparent symbol of how the dead have a steadfast and continuous power over the living.   The dominant power which Michael maintains over the protagonist, Gabriel Conroy, is that Gabriel is faced with the intense question of whether his wife, Gretta Conroy, loves him and whether he honestly loves her.   Joyce provides substantial informationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1672 Words   |  7 Pagesher money. It is set on this day, because it highlights Gabriel’s epiphany. He is there to break traditions, because they are either dead or dying, just like the Christ. He brings more modern views in regards to how the people respond and remember the dead. The dead in the story are the old traditions that they hold. Also, the memories the people there have on the dead from their past. Specifically, Gretta’s first love, Michael Furey. Gabriel is different from other party guests as he is more modernRead MoreRestrictiveness of Routine in the â€Å"Dead†975 Words   |  4 Pagesstory have to come together to create tone. One such story is the â€Å"The Dead†, an exceptional conclusion to James Joyce Dubliners (1914) that is a collection of short stories that consist of natural depictions of middle class Irish men and women in the early twentieth century. The primary focus of â€Å"The Dead† concerns not only dead people, but more specifically a dead generation and the living who behave as if they were dead already. Through artistic unity, Joyce creates a portrait of ordinary peopleRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce2257 Words   |  10 Pages‘The Dead’ begins and ends in two entirely different places. What begins as a harmless portrait of simple human interactions, morphs slowly into an examination of the nature of time and memory. James Joyce uses every level of his writing in o rder to reveal this complex paradox. He breaks down the boundaries of life and death, of time and memory, by breaking down the structure of his grammar. He exposes the ambiguities of existence through the ambiguities of pronouns. In the midst of this acrobaticRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce2111 Words   |  9 Pagesstory a sort of epiphany that leads them to realize the source of their unhappiness, oftentimes, the characters choose to do nothing about it. Farrington, the protagonist in the short story â€Å"Counterparts,† and Gabriel Conroy, the protagonist in â€Å"The Dead,† are two very different characters. Joyce uses this steep contrast between Farrington and Gabriel to argue about the circle of life and its routineness, and how happy endings are not common or to be expected no matter the circumstance. FarringtonRead MoreThe Theme of Death in The Dead Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough a scene of a funeral home might come to mind when a reader first hears a short story aptly named â€Å"The Dead,† the tale actually takes place in the festive setting of a winter dance at the home of the two aunts of the main character, Gabriel Conroy. James Joyce’s short story â€Å"The Dead† has a literal title, because its main concept is death – both physical death and spiritual death. Gabriel Conroy and his wife, Gretta Conroy, attend a party held by Gabriel’s aunts, Kate Morkan and JuliaRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. â€Å"The Dead† by Joyce was written as a part of Joyce’s collection called â€Å"The Dubliners†. Joyce’s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, Ireland greatly influences Joyce’s inspirationRead MoreJames Joyce s Araby And The Dead1176 Words   |  5 Pages James Joyce’s short stories â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead† both depict self-discovery as being defined by moments of epiphany. Both portray characters who experience similar emotion s and who, at the ends of the stories, confront similarly harsh realities of self-discovery. In each of these stories, Joyce builds up to the moment of epiphany through a careful structure of events and emotions that leads both protagonists to a redefining moment of self-discovery. The main characters in both these storiesRead MoreThe Walking Dead1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walking Dead AMC’s gritty and gruesome apocalyptic hit â€Å"The Walking Dead† places the blood thirsty, agonized groans of zombies right in our living rooms. The show follows a small group of survivors in the midst of a zombie apocalypse that has decimated some seventy-five percent of the population. The cable series which first premiered in 2010 made no bones about its weekly offering of flesh-eating, blood-splattered gore. The opening sequence of the pilot episode features a virus-ridden little

Who Wrote 2 Peter Free Essays

string(38) " of the most debated and argued over\." Who Wrote Second Peter An Explanation Michael S. Summy LUO 1185240 NBST 679-01 Dr. Leo Percer November 13, 2012 Table of Contents I. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Wrote 2 Peter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 II. History of the Authorship of Peter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2-5 III. Arguments for Petrine Authorship of 2 Peter†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6-10 IV. Arguments Against Petrine Authorship of 2 Peter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 10-15 V. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15-16 VI. Personal Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 VII. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 INTRODUCTION Debates over the authorship of various books in the Bible are common among Biblical scholars. Some of these debates are legitimate as the book of the Bible lacks a claim of authorship, while others appear to be ridiculous as the claims within the Scripture appear to settle the issue. Some books, such as 2 Peter fall into the category of books that claim a certain authorship, but sufficient arguments exist that can cast some doubt as to the truth of the legitimate writer. The theory of the authorship of 2 Peter is a question that has caused a great deal of debate and controversy within the church. The purpose of this paper is not to defend the theory that Peter wrote this epistle. An investigation of various arguments on the subject will be used to debate both the tradition view of Peter as the author and the more liberal view that someone other than Peter is responsible for writing the epistle. This is not a new debate, but rather an ongoing controversy that has existed since the second century. The arguments for both sides seem similar at times, and both use valid evidence to support their conclusions. This paper will show how a logical conclusion can be drawn that the Apostle Peter was the author of second epistle of Peter. HISTORY OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF 2 PETER The answer to the question of authorship of 2 Peter seems as if it should straightforward as the book claims within the first few words to have been written by the apostle Peter. Surprisingly this question has existed since the days of the early church and even to this day clarity is still being sought. Although 2 Peter was not as widely known and recognized in the early church as 1 Peter, some may have used and accepted it as authoritative as early as the second century and perhaps even in the latter part of the first century (1 Clement [AD 95] may allude to it). † This early canonical acceptance did not end the debate. The first time the book was credited to Peter was around the beginning of the third century in the time of Origen. â€Å"Even he cast some doubt as to the church’s ability to ascribe the book to Peter, but Origen did not completely deny it either. Origen’s comments in his Expositions on the Gospel according to John, provided evidence that some in his day doubted the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter. He stated, â€Å"And Peter, on whom the church of Christ is built, against which the gates of Hades shall not prevail, has left one acknowledged epistle, and, it may be, a second also, for it is doubted. † Origen also placed doubt on Petrine authorship by making the statement that the existence of the book was not known until his own time, which caused serious problems. Eusebius (265–340) placed it among the questioned books, though he admits that most accept it as from Peter. After Eusebius’s time, it seems to have been quite generally accepted as canonical. † After the time of Eusebius, the debate over the second epistle continued on, b ut eventually the book as accepted in the New Testament Canon by Clement. The controversy over Peter’s authorship grew silent for many years, but never completely disappeared. â€Å"In recent centuries, however, its genuineness has been challenged by a considerable number of interpreters. The only fact that seems to be certain in the debate is that the authorship of 2 Peter will never be completely satisfied. Many in the early church were quick to classify 2 Peter as a letter written by the Apostle Paul. â€Å"Why would the author of 2 Peter refer to Paul’s letters, which did not circulate as a group until about 95 AD? † The early church leaders also saw the fact that the author of 2 Peter referred to himself many times within 2 Peter. They further recognized that the author of 2 Peter identified himself twice as any times as did the author of 1Peter. In 2 Peter the author goes on to compare â€Å"all the letters of Paul with the writings mentioned previously, further suggesting that the recipients do not posses the entire Pauline corpus. † Although some in the early church felt that 2 Peter was written by Paul, this belief never gained a great deal of traction and eventually was dismissed by church leaders. A major factor in the history of the authorship 2 Peter was the date of the death of the apostle Peter. Most conservative thinkers would date the death of Peter to the time of Nero and would place the date around 66 AD. This timing would allow for Peter to be the writer of this book and answers most of the objections made by the more liberal minded scholars. Those who ascribe to a later death for Peter, used this evidence to support the idea that someone other than the Apostle wrote this book. Most church leaders agreed on the timing of the death of Peter and since it was such a public event there is little doubt that he died in the middle 60’s. The early church used this date and the writing within the book itself to create a strong argument for Peter being the author. The early church fathers had many important decisions to make as leaders of the followers of Christ and one of the most important ones was which writings to accept into the Biblical Canon. Of all of the books of the New Testament 2 Peter was one of the most debated and argued over. You read "Who Wrote 2 Peter" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"The first direct quotation of 2 Peter is in 1 Clement, a letter written around the end of the first century. Theide says that once the quotations started appearing, the list is longas to the number of times 2 Peter was referenced. Another Church Father Irenaeus, also appeared to take a part of 2 Peter or allude to it, but he choose not to mention this book by name. Not even the book of Revelation received as much scrutiny as 2 Peter. The hesitancy of the early church to accept 2 Peter was due in part to that fact of Peter’s name was being used in many Gnostic writings. At least three apocryphal writings were being circulated at the sam e time as 1 and 2 Peter. Another difficulty was both Peter and Jude alluded to Enoch, which quickly became known as an apocryphal book. It is clear that in the Fourth Century, at the Councils of Hippo, 2 Peter was recognized as being part of the Biblical Canon. â€Å"At this same counsel other books such as I Clement and the Epistle of Barnabas were rejected mainly on the grounds that they lacked a claim of authorship by someone who was considered an apostle. † A scholar of church history during this time wrote this synopsis of the feelings of the believers towards Peter’s second epistle. He wrote, â€Å"Quite probably the churches which originally received it, knowing it not to be Peter’s own work, would not have granted it the same status in their own use as they did, e. . , to the Pauline letter. . . . Whatever the reasons for its lack of wide use in the second century, this seems to have contributed to its very slow progress toward general acceptance into the canon. † As with most historical data, little is known of the status of this epistle during the next 1000 years. As the church e ntered the period of the Reformation many of the standards of the church were called into question including the Biblical Canon. â€Å"2 Peter was regarded as second-class Scripture by Luther, rejected by Erasmus, and regarded with hesitancy by Calvin. The fact that 2 Peter had several claims of authorship by the Apostle Peter within its text allowed it to be spared and recognized as part of the inspired Word of God. ARGUMENTS FOR PETRINE AUTHORSHIP OF SECOND PETER The book of 2 Peter begins with this verse, â€Å"Simon Peter, a bond servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, to those who have received a faith of the same kind as ours, by the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ. † This statement seems to make clear the claim that Peter wrote this letter would also seem to leave little room for doubt. Few other books with such a claim have been disputed, but the critics are quick to ignore this initial claim by Peter and scrutinize the letter. This is not the only place in the letter that Petrine authorship is proclaimed and details of the life of the Apostle support this assumption. 2 Peter 1:16 speaks of the author as a man who is facing or is near to his death. This allusion would certainly support the idea of Peter as the writer, because it was believed Peter knew he would be martyred and wanted to give his followers one final word of encouragement. Further in the letter in 2 Peter 2:16-18, the author shared a retelling of the Transfiguration of Christ. In the gospel of Matthew, Peter is one of only three men who accompanied Jesus at this event. The retelling of the details of this amazing display could only be completed by Peter, James, or John. One final statement from with the book itself can be found in chapter three. 2 Peter 3:1 made a clear references to a prior letter, which should be assumed as being 1 Peter. There is little comparable material in the two epistles, but this reference to the first epistle seems to lead to the conclusion that they were written by the same person. On the one hand it is argued on this fact the 1 and 2 Peter must have two different authors, but on the other hand it seems strange that a pseudo-writer would not use any content from the prior book he was attempting to imitate. † The evidence within the book itself would seem to clearly suggest that Peter was the author. The reception of th e early church leaders of 2 Peter or the lack thereof can be seen as a contradictory. On one hand the book of 2 Peter is mentioned very little in the ancient writings of the church leaders. On the contrary, those same leaders did not lump the book of 2 Peter into the category of the rejected books. Few if any of these men make a clear statement of denial of Peter as the author, but many did cast doubts about it. Some of the earliest remaining documents that refer to 2 Peter, have shown evidence that a debate over its authorship was present in the church. â€Å"One such document written by Origen in the third century is considered to be the first to explicitly mention 2 Peter by name. † This mention by Origen may be the first documented reference to 2 Peter, but many scholars believe there are other writings made by the early church fathers which made allusions to the book. Another leader, Jerome, mentioned doubts surrounding the authenticity of 2 Peter, but never concluded that Peter did not write this letter. A strong fact to support the Petrine authorship is the overwhelming majority the church fathers do not argue against the epistle. â€Å"2 Peter was never rejected as suspicious nor was it attributed to anyone other than Peter. In support for Petrine authorship, 2 Peter enjoys wide inclusion in what is arguably the strongest early Papyrus, which was thought to be as early as the 3rd Century. Due to the support by the church fathers and the lack of opposition to the book, 2 Peter is believed to have unofficially gained canonization as early as the mid-second Century. Critics of Petrine authorship are quick to point out differences in the styles of the two books of Peter. They feel that the two epistles could not possibly have been written by the same man. Upon examination of the two books, there are clear differences between the two letters. †Å"The vocabulary of 1 Peter has only 153 words in common with 2 Peter while 543 are unique to 1 Peter and 399 unique to 2 Peter. The book of 2 Peter also has far fewer participles than does first Peter and the ones in 2 Peter are often repeated. â€Å"One common example given by critics is the use of apokaluyi† in 1 Peter and parousiva in 2 Peter to refer to the Lord’s coming. † This is not a practice that is unique to these two letters. Many of the works of Paul contain unique language to the particular letter in which it was used. Paul also choose the same terms as Peter used for the Second Coming and selected these words when writing 1 Corinthians and 2 Thessalonians. The problem with the argument for similarity between the two epistles seems to be that the critics almost expect Peter’s second epistle to be simply a rehash of the same material as was seen in the first. There is an unreasonable demand for vocabulary and themes that match the first work, but the critics seem to forget the reasons behind the writing of each letter. Each letter was written to address a different set of circumstances and there was a unique purpose to each epistle. The critics can point to stylistic differences in the books, but this lack of similarity can be explained. The more liberal leaning thinkers also point to the differences in the theology and doctrinal themes of the books as reason to Petrine authorship. The purpose of 1 Peter can be summed up as a challenge to the believers to endure suffering and live holy lives. 2 Peter on the other hand seems to contain mostly strong warnings against the false teachers of the day and also a final message to the believers before the death of Peter. This criticism seems to ignore the fact that Peter felt the need to address issues that were pressing at the time of his writing. Differences should be expected if the author is dealing with different problems, as was the case with Peter. The assumption that an author must deal with the same topics in both letters is unrealistic and uncommon. Most if not all of Paul’s letters deal with issues that were unique to the area to which Paul sent the letter. It can be concluded that Peter deserves the same consideration as Paul in this matter. Although there are many differences between the two letters of Peter many similarities also exist etween them. The critics point to an excessive amount of repetitive word in 2 Peter, but 1 Peter can also be characterized by repetition of words. Bigg says, â€Å"The habit of verbal repetition is therefore quite as strongly marked in the First Epistle as the Second. There are similarities of thought and no document in the New Testament is so like 1 Peter as 2 Peter. † Upon review of both letters, there does seem to be enough commonality between the two books of Peter to conclude that the same man wrote both books. Since there is little evidence to argue against Apostle Peter as the author the first book of Peter, the conclusion can be reached that he also wrote the second. One of the more common practices among the writers of the New Testament was to have a scribe or someone who would write their words for him. Longenecker states in his work, â€Å"The Greek papyri, therefore, indicate quite clearly that an amanuensis was frequently, if not commonly, employed in the writing of personal letters during the time approximating the composition of the NT epistles. † Sometimes this was done to help the writer use better Greek and make his work more understandable. Men like Peter, who were not educated in the same manner as the upper class, would need assistance in making their writing more professional and acceptable to the educated class. â€Å"One plausible explanation for the differences between 1 Peter and 2 Peter is that Peter used an amanuensis to do the actual writing of 1 Peter with Peter checking and approving the final product. † This seems to be the clear method in which the first epistle of Peter was written. 1 Peter 5:12 says, â€Å"Through Silvanus, our faithful brother (for so I regard him), I have written to you briefly, exhorting and testifying that this is the true grace of God. Stand firm in it! † A logical conclusion to explain the differences between the two letter of Peter is that he wrote 2 Peter himself and he had someone write his words for him in his first letter. Peter received the inspiration for both letters from the Holy Spirit, but the methods of recording each of the books were unique. The best argument for Peter being the author of the second epistle is the fact that the letter was eventually accepted as into the New Testament Canon. One of the main reasons for its acceptance would have to be the assumption that the book was written by a man of the standing in the church like the Apostle Peter. â€Å"Although it could be pseudonymous letters like â€Å"The Gospel of Peter†, â€Å"The Apocalypses of Peter†, â€Å"The letter of Peter to James†, none of these works was accepted into the canon because they hadn’t God’s inspiration. † Second Peter had gained acceptance into the Canon by the time of Cyril of Jerusalem. The issue of its canonicity was settled by the acceptance of the church leaders such as Cyril, Athanasius, Augustine, and Jerome. These church leaders, who were not easily swayed to allow books into the Canon, acknowledged 2 Peter to be Scripture because of the overwhelming internal and external evidence. ARGUMENTS AGAINST PETER AS AUTHOR OF SECOND PETER Although there seems to be an abundance of evidence to support the idea that Peter wrote the second epistle of Peter, many Christian scholars and thinkers disagree with this assumption. The amount of evidence to disprove Petrine authorship seems to be as great and some would argue more that the evidence to support his authorship. Issues about the date, the style of writing, the lack of historical claims, the brevity of the book, the language used by the author, and the similarities to Jude are all cited as reasons to discount the possibility of the disciple known as Simon Peter being the writer. At one point in the history of the church, the leading school of thought was that 2 Peter was an example of pseudepigraphal literature and therefore was not the work of the Apostle. There is little doubt that a definitive answer as to the authorship of this book will not be obtained until all questions are answered by God in eternity. The book of 2 Peter was and is still considered by many to be pseudepigraphal in nature and was not written by Peter. Ksemann states that â€Å"2 Peter is perhaps the most dubious writing in the New Testament. † Others went as far as to conclude that virtually no one believes that 2 Peter was written by the disciple and friend of Christ named Peter. These men would argue instead that someone else wrote the letter and used the name of Peter to give legitimacy to it. Pseudonymous works are defined as â€Å"the practice of writing a literary work under the pretence that someone else, usually someone more famous, wrote it. 2 Peter is one of only a few books that were accused of being pseudonymous that survived the scrutiny of the canonical counsels and eventually it was accepted by the church fathers. The looming questions over the authorship of 2 Peter has led to the conclusion by most critical scholars that the book needs to be labeled as pseudepigraphal literature. The issues come from those who are not willing to accept the first verse of 2 Peter and the other internal evidence as sufficient for proving that Peter was the author. These scholars, feel the evidence to support Petrine authorship is weak and should not be accepted without questions and a thorough examination. One major issue is that the features of the letter seem to give evidence of a time later than Peter’s lifetime. In 2 Peter 3:4, the author used the phrase, â€Å"Ever since our fathers died. † This verse seems to make a reference the first generation of Christians, which would seem strange coming from Peter as he too was part of this group. Another instance is 2 Peter 3:15 which states, â€Å"Bear in mind that our Lord’s patience means salvation, just as our dear brother Paul also wrote you with the wisdom that God gave him. † The author seemed to be looking back at the letters of Paul as works already complete and established. Most of Paul’s works were not even known about until well after the death of Peter. The internal evidence in 2 Peter seems to offer as many questions about the authorship of the book as it does answers. The possibility of a pseudonymous author is high due to these facts. One of the most convincing arguments against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter is a thorough examination of the Greek of the epistle. Peter was described as a Galilean fisherman in the gospels and he and his brothers were most likely worked for a fishing business owned by his family. According to Dr. Leo Percer, â€Å"Peter was not uneducated, as he most likely attended schools that were taught by the Pharisees to help him learn the Law of Moses. He was not however educated to the extent that we would have been proficient in writing Greek. † Many scholars look to the description of Peter in the book of Acts as proof of his lack of education. Acts 4:13 states, â€Å"Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marveled; and they took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus. † The Greek of 2 Peter appears to be much less formal and unstructured and it is very different from the Greek of 1 Peter. The ability to conclude that both letters were written by the same hand is very difficult to prove. The Greek of 1 Peter and the Greek of 2 Peter is quite different and contain words and phrasing that make it difficult to reconcile the differences between the two books. Two major issues result from the Greek of 2 Peter and help support the idea that Simon Peter was not the author of second Peter. The first is the simple fact that most scholars agree that Peter did write the first book attributed to him, which makes the case against his authorship of the second. The second is the grandiose language that is used by the author. The fact remains it is unlikely that a Galilean fisherman would use the language in this book. â€Å"The author of 2 Peter seems to be pretentious and out to prove that he has a grasp of the Greek language through the use of such flowery words. Peter was looked at as the leader of the early church, which would give him no reason to feel the need to write in a way to give himself any more credibility than he already possessed. One critic made this statement â€Å"this letter betrays an artificial dialect of high-sounding words learnt from rhetoricians and books such would not fit well with both Peter’s modus operandi (of heavy reliance on written sources for his composition) and with the psychological probability of one attempting to write in a second language. These objects do provide problems for those trying to prove Peter as the author of 2 Peter. An even more problematic argument against the authorship of Peter for this short epistle is apparent similarities between 2 Peter and Jude. The books share a common message and a common theme. It also appears that the books share at least 17 common passages and parallels to one another. One example is 2 Peter 1:12 and Jude 5. 2 Peter 1:12 says, â€Å"Therefore, I will always be ready to remind you of these things, even though you already know them, and have been established in the truth which is present with you. The parallel verse in Jude 5 says â€Å"Now I desire to remind you, though you know all things once for all that the Lord, after saving a people out of the land of Egypt, subsequently destroyed those who did not believe. † Just in the se two verses alone there are seven shared words and a few common phrases. Most of the similarities in these two books occur in chapter two and three of 2 Peter and can be seen throughout the one chapter of Jude. This commonality between the two letters presents problems in attempting to establish Petrine authorship. Another issue to be answered is the date of Jude and 2 Peter and the chronology of the two letters. â€Å"If Jude was written after Peter’s lifetime (as most scholars assume), then if 2 Peter uses Jude, it cannot be by Peter. † There is little evidence for a late date of Jude, but there seems to a great deal of evidence for 2 Peter having a late date. The date most scholars agree to for Jude is around 64 AD and even conservative thinkers would place the earliest date for 2 Peter at somewhere around 65 AD. This dating would lead to the possible conclusion that if Peter was written after Jude that much of 2 Peter was copied from Jude. The comparison of the books also supports the idea of 2 Peter being written at a much later date. A later date for Peter would allow for the writer of the book to use Jude as a source and would help to explain the many similarities. No matter which book was written first, there seems to be clarity that the books share from one another. A final, and maybe not as convincing, argument is that the overwhelming opinion of Biblical scholars is that Peter was not the author of this letter. One scholar writes, â€Å"the issue of authorship is already settled, at least negatively: the apostle Peter did not write this letter and that the vast bulk of NT scholars adopt this perspective without much discussion. † Other men such as Stephen Harris and Werner Kummel agree with this position and go as far as to say that â€Å"virtually no authorities defend the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter. † Even leading conservatives such as Carson and Moo would agree that there is little popular support to back Petrine authorship, but they still hold to the view that Peter wrote both books. The evangelicals and conservatives remind the liberals of the early acceptance of 2 Peter into the canon, but the liberals feel this decision was made before enough scrutiny of the book was made. â€Å"Nearly two thirds of Bible experts contend that Peter did not write 2 Peter. † CONCLUSION The evidence for or against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter is in no way strong enough settle the issue in a conclusive manner. For each point in support of Peter there is an equally convincing argument against him. This debate is not new; as it has been going on for close to 2,000 years. At times over that history, the issue seemed to be settled for Peter, but this was a short lived victory as the authorship of the book has been an ongoing issue for the church. Men from the time of Peter until now have searched for a definitive answer, but the answer has remained illusive. Each one of the arguments made by those who support Peter as the author has a counter argument against it. â€Å"The external evidence, while not proving authenticity neither disproves it, for the evidence provides twenty-two possible usages of 2 Peter. † Those who argue for Peter point to the internal evidence, and the personal allusions to the life of Peter. These illusions such as the retelling of the Transfiguration and the suffering of Christ are written by the author to establish his identity as the Apostle Peter. The other side would argue that a pseudo-author wrote in these illusions to try to establish his work as a book of an Apostle. An examination of the issues regarding the history, style, and even the doctrine of 2 Peter have been attempted to be used against Peter, but on the contrary, may be used to support it. Many of the problems the critics have with these issues can be answered by the fact that Peter likely used an amanuensis to help write his book. Those who disagree with Peter as the writer of 2 Peter would offer pseudonymity as the answer to the question of authorship. The issue with this stand has to be that â€Å"at the time of 2 Peter’s canonization, the practice of pseudonymity was scorned and had not one example of New Testament usage, while the canonical books were only admitted after careful scrutiny of genuineness. † Since 2 Peter was admitted into the Canon, the assumption of there being a pseudo-author is answered. Point by point each argument for Petrine authorship can be disputed, but each one against his authorship can also be torn down. PERSONAL CONCLUSION After examining all of the leading arguments both for and against Peter, I have come to the conclusion that Peter did in fact write the book of 2 Peter. The issue for me isn’t style or the quality of the Greek used by the author; it is in a personal belief that the Bible is the inerrant Word of God. 2 Peter 2:1 clearly identifies Peter as the author of the epistle, and this ends the debate for me. As I examined evidence against Petrine authorship, I was always drawn back to the fact that the Bible says Peter wrote the book. As Payne says in his book, â€Å"How can one accept the verbal, plenary inspiration—which would demand Petrine authorship at verse one—and still call 2 Peter non-canonical? † 2 Peter was accepted, even though it was under a cloud of suspicion, into the New Testament Cannon, which qualifies it as the inerrant Word of God. If I believe that the Bible is never wrong, then 2 Peter must have been written by the Apostle named Simon Peter. The question of authorship for me is answered in 10 simple words, â€Å"Simon Peter, a bond-servant and apostle of Jesus Christ. † Bibliography Green, Michael. Peter Jude: an Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, IL: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2007. Green, Christopher Lucas, Dick. The Message of 2 Peter Jude: the Promise of His Coming. Leicester, England. : IVP Academic, 2004. Eusebius. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. New York: Penguin Classics, 1990. Gilmour, Michael J. â€Å"Reflection s On the Authorship of 2 Peter. † Evangelical Quarterly 73, no. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 2001): 291-309. Lillie, John. Lectures On the First and Second Epistles of Peter. Reprint Edition ed. Minneapolis, MN: Klock Klock Christian Pub, 1978. Mayor, Joseph B. The Epistle of St. Jude and the Second Epistle of St. Peter: Greek Text with Introduction Notes and Comments. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979. Moo, Douglas J. 2 Peter, and Jude: from Biblical Text– to Contemporary Life. Grand Rapids, Mich. : Zondervan, 1997. Pfeiffer, Robert Henry. History of New Testament Times,: with an Introduction to the Apocrypha. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1972. Walls, David. Holman New Testament Commentary – 1 2 Peter, 1 2 3 John and Jude. niv based ed. Nashville, TN: Holman Reference, 1999. ——————————————– 1 ]. Michael Gilmour, â€Å"Reflections On the Authorship of 2 Peter,† Evangelical Quarterly, Oct. – Dec. 2001, 294. [ 2 ]. Ibid, 296. [ 3 ]. Eusebius, The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine (New York: Penguin Classics, 1990), 107. [ 4 ]. Michael Gilmour, 297. [ 5 ]. Ibid, 297. [ 6 ]. Robert Henry Pfeiffer, History of New Testament Times,: with an Introduction to the Apocrypha. (Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1972. 490. [ 7 ]. Ibid, 491. [ 8 ]. Dick Lucas Christopher Green, The Message of 2 Peter Jude: the Promise of His Coming (Leicester, England. IVP Academic, 2004), 242. [ 9 ]. Michael Gilmour, 300. [ 10 ]. Dick Lucas and Christopher Green, 243. [ 12 ]. 2 Peter 2:1,(NASB). [ 15 ]. MacArthur [ 16 ]. Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, p. 832. [ 17 ]. Ibid,836. [ 18 ]. Bigg, Critical and Exegetical Commentary, p. 227. [ 20 ]. Bigg, Critical and Exegetical Commentary, p. 239. [ 21 ]. 1 Peter 5:12, (NASB). [ 23 ]. Ernst Ksemann, â€Å"An Apologia for Primitive Christian Eschatology,† Essays on New Testament Themes, Studies in Biblical Theology, 42, 1964, p. 169 [ 25 ]. 2 Peter 3:4 [ 26 ]. 2 Peter3:15, NIV [ 27 ]. Dr. Leo Percer, lecture notes. [ 28 ]. Acts 4:13, (KJV). [ 30 ]. W. F. Howard, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament, 2:28. [ 31 ]. 2 Peter 1:12, (NASB). [ 32 ]. Jude 5, (NASB) [ 34 ]. Daniel B. Wallace, ed. , Revisiting the Corruption of the New Testament: Manuscript, Patristic, and Apocryphal Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Academic Professional, 2011), pageNr. [ 35 ]. Harris, Stephen L.. Understanding the Bible: a reader’s introduction, 2nd ed. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. page 354. [ 39 ]. Inerrancy [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980], 106). [ 40 ]. 2 Peter 1:1 How to cite Who Wrote 2 Peter, Essay examples

Father and Son Essay Sample free essay sample

Li-Young Lee’s verse form â€Å"A Story† depicts the harsh and complex relationship of that between a male parent and shortly. This is explored by the son’s desires for a narrative. which his male parent is unable to bring forth. The talker uses emotional devices to lucubrate on the wholly different positions that occur between a male parent and boy. Through the trading on and off points of positions. situational sarcasm. and purposeful enunciation. the talker adds emotional entreaty and significance to the love and bond between male parent and shortly every bit good as stressing the subject of altering and turning of their relationship over clip. This causes the reader to attach to the verse form and by making so to brood on his or her relationship between their parents. Lee’s foremost strategic attack is by the use of the multiple point of position. that of the male parent and the boy. We will write a custom essay sample on Father and Son Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The verse form starts off in the father’s point of position demoing his letdown that he can non give his boy a narrative â€Å"Sad is the adult male who is asked for a narrative and can’t come up with one. † The writer so switches off with â€Å"Not the same narrative. Baba. † Subsequently explicating the father’s immediate inability to â€Å"†¦come up with one. † The male parent â€Å"†¦rubs his mentum. scratches his ear. † The male parent is unable to provide his boy with a narrative. The simple quotation mark utilizes the emotions to truly demo the defeat the male parent feels of allowing down his boy. Switch overing into the son’s position you hear â€Å"Please. Baba. a narrative? † demoing the complete artlessness of the son’s petition. Another important and utile tool Lee uses is the situational sarcasm that he creates in the 3rd stanza where â€Å"In a room full of books in a universe of narratives. he can remember non one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that even though there is a million possibilities and a million narratives in the universe the male parent is still unable to retrieve non even one. This situational sarcasm shows that the male parent sees that this should be an effortless undertaking. yet it is non and he is fighting and unable to hold on even one narrative for his boy. Feeling frustrated and a Lashkar-e-Taiba down. the reader feels and emotional pull and is in melody with the father’s fright of losing his kid. by the child’s letdown in the male parent. This portrays the really infirmity of a male parent boy relationship. that even one set back can throw it all out of balance. In add-on another attack that Lee uses in his verse form is meaningful enunciation. which adds the emotional side to the verse form. â€Å"Sad is the man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the male parent is disappointed in himself. as if he is unfit to be a male parent if he is unable to bring forth a narrative. â€Å"Am I god that I should neer let down? † The male parent apparently screams. the use of disappoint makes it obvious that the male parent is fighting with accepting the fact that he himself did neglect. but it is all right to fall sometimes. â€Å"†¦and a father’s love add up to hush. † The use of the father’s love adding up to silence is a powerful manner to stop the stanza. Picturing a scene in which no affair the badness of the male parents love for his boy. in the terminal it all ended with earsplitting silence. The reader is left with the feeling of overpowering emotions in which the truly experience the delicate relationship between a male parent and b oy. Throughout the verse form the writer emphasizes the battle of the male parent contending non to be a letdown to his boy through the use of his multiple point of positions. situational sarcasm. and strong enunciation. The tools used by the writer are effectual by portraying the really infirmity and of import relationship between a male parent and boy and how the male parent in the verse form is dead set on being able to do his boy proud of him.

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Essay Example

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Paper I think theres just one kind of folks. Folks. (Lee 227). The existence of a superior and inferior stratification in societies are due to economic status, social status, and skin color between the white and black race as demonstrated in To Kill a Mockingbird (Symkowski). Today, this process of identification, while also functioning at the individual level, works itself out at the level of whole groups of people who judge themselves better or worse than other groups, not only in terms of economic property, but also on the basis of such characteristics as skin color, gender, education, sexuality, etc. That each society has such a categorical list is without doubt and Maycombs society was no different. There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb (131). Maycomb County was based on three main classes and a caste: the prestigious and rich of the post-depression era, pursued by the white workers which consisted primarily of farmers, who in turn were followed by what could only be described as white trash. The caste of Maycomb was the Negroes. Roughly translated, Jem tried to make Scout understand that theres four kinds of folks in the world. Theres the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, theres the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. The thing about it is, our kind of folks dont like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams dont like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks (226). The esteemed townsfolk were the Finches, Radleys, Dolphus Raymond, Miss Maudie Atkinson, Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, Miss Stephanie Crawford, and Miss Rachel Haverford because they lived on the main residential street in town (6). We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Atticus Finch was perhaps the most powerful character in the novel. a hero figure, a model to the community, as well as his two children, who will surely follow in his footsteps (Symkowski). He is sincere and very straightforward. if Atticus Finch drank until he was drunk he wouldnt be as hard as some mean are at their best (Lee 45). As Scout recalls, Miss Maudie Atkinson lived one door down from us (16) as she was a Maycomb County inhabitant, the daughter of a neighboring landowner. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Duboses house (was) two doors down to the north Radley place three doors to the south (6). Miss Stephanie Crawford was described as a neighborhood scold (7) and gossip, which became visible because she was just following her ancestors. No Crawford Minds His Business (131). Last but not least, the Finches next door neighbor was Miss Rachel Haverford. These were the people the town trusted, especially Atticus Finch, with the exception of Dolphus Raymond. It seemed as if Judge Taylor asked him to defend Tom Robinson because the town trusted him to and as Jem later points out in the novel Atticus pends his time doin things that wouldnt get done if nobody did em (116). Dolphus Raymond was the town scandal, always drinkin out of a sack (160). He lived a scandalous life, way down near the county line where he resided with a colored woman and all sorts of mixed chillun (161-62). It was the opinion of the townspeople that these children must be real sad because they belonged nowhere, being neither black nor white. Interestingly, while Lee offered no contradiction to the opinion that Mayella has sinned gravely by kissing a black man, Dolphus character is portrayed as far more sympathetic (Baecker). The white workers of Maycomb included the Cunninghams, the Littles, Mr. Aavery, Ms. Caroline, Mr. Deas, Mr. Gilmer, Sheriff Tate, and Mr. Underwood. The Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back and they were described as country folk farmers (Lee 20-21). The Littles were represented through Little Chuck Little, one of Scouts classmates who stood up to Burris Ewell in defense of Ms. Caroline. Mr. Aavery was a boarder at the house across from Mrs. Duboses. Mr. Deas was Tom and Helen Robinsons employer. The state attorney representing the Ewells was Mr. Gilmer. Maycombs sheriff who accompanied Atticus to kill the mad dog and who delivered the news about Bob Ewell was Sheriff Heck Tate. Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood was the owner, editor, and printer of The Maycomb Tribune. Although he openly disliked blacks, he defended Toms right to a fair trial (Symkowski). The white trash of Maycomb was the Ewells. The Ewells knew that they were the lowest of the low amongst the whites in Maycomb. They had no money, no education, and no breeding (Baecker). The single thing that elevated them at any level in the community was the fact that they were white. All the little man on the witness stand had that made him any better than his nearest neighbors was, that if scrubbed with lye soap in very hot water, his skin was white (Lee 171). Like most people in similar situations, Bob and Mayella wanted to better their station in life (Symkowski). However, Bob was unwilling to put forth the effort necessary to change his familys lot and Mayella did not have the resources to change her own life. The Ewells lived behind the town garbage dump in what was once a Negro cabin (Lee 170). Bob Ewell drank up all the welfare money and was allowed to hunt out of season so his children did not go hungry. Mr. Ewells incestuous relationship with Mayella, the driving force behind her desire to make loving contact with someone else, even if that person is a black man, is mentioned only in passing in the novel. The incestuous relationship of a white trash man with his white trash daughter is a part of the novel often glossed over by scholars who probably find it unremarkable anyway, as if to say, what else can be expected from people living so close to Negroes (Baecker). The caste of Maycomb included the Negroes of the town even though some were educated and morally and economically above the Ewells. The Negroes mentioned the most in the novel were Tom Robinson, Calphurnia, her son Zeebo, and Reverend Sykes. Calphurnia, the Finches housekeeper, grew up at Finchs Landing and moved with Atticus to Maycomb. She was the closest thing to a mother that Jem and Scout had. Calphurnia was also one of the few Negroes who could read and write. Zeebo was the town garbage collector and hes one of the four people who can read at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. Reverend Sykes was the pastor at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. This notion that education makes racism disappear is a common myth (Baecker). Racism was commonly ascribed to poor white trash as though those of the middle and upper classes (who possess more education) have nothing to do with it. The most prominent Negro figure in the novel was Tom Robinson. The trial of Tom Robinson is a significant part of the text, even if the trial itself occupies only fifteen percent of the novel (Symkowski). What may be more significant than the number of pages devoted to the actual trial may be the way in which Lee has constructed the novel so as to compress the issue of race into a tightly constrained portion of the book, bounded on either side by tales of unfairness and prejudice. The injustice that an all-white jury had invoked upon Tom Robinson and then his being shot seventeen times was the extent of the racism in the post-Depression era. The more sophisticated white people in Maycomb at least tried to pretend that their prejudices did not run so deep, but such was not the case with Bob Ewell. Tom only recognized Mayella as a person in need and he paid dreadfully. Todays equivalent of Tom Robinson is the welfare recipient (Baecker). Mention welfare recipient to most people and the image which will spring to their minds is that of the welfare queen: overweight, black, female, uneducated, slovenly, and surrounded by a passel of equally dirty, ignorant children. A society is made of its eloquent people and every person should be cared for equivalently.

Jimmi Hendrix essays

Jimmi Hendrix essays Jimi Hendrix, the greatest guitarist in rock history, revolutionized the sound of rock. In 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience rocked the nation with their first album, Are You Experienced?. Hendrix's life was cut short by the tragedy of drugs in 1970, when he was only twenty seven years old. In these three years the sound of rock changed greatly, and Hendrixs guitar playing was a major influence. Jimi was born in Seattle, Washington on November 27, 1942. As a young boy, whenever the chance came, Jimi would try to play along with his R However, music was not his life long dream. At first, the army was. In the late 1950s, Hendrix enlisted in the 101st Airborne Division. After sustaining a back injury during a jump, he received a medical discharge. After his army career came to an abrupt end, he decided to go into the music field. By this time he had become an accomplished guitarist, and was soon to become known as the greatest guitarist ever (Stambler, pg. 290). However, he did not start out at the top. Jimi started out playing as part of the back-up for small time R Burke, Jackie Wilson, Littler Richard, Wilson Pickett, and King Curtis (Clifford, pg. 181). Using the name Jimmy James, he toured with a bunch of R s Famous Flames (Stambler, pg. 290). At the Olson, pg 2 Cafe Wha! In New York, in 1966, Hendrix decided to try singing. Jimi lucked out when a man by the name of Charles Chas Chandler from Eric Burdon's Animals heard him at the club and thought he was sensational. When Chas heard him again later that year, he talked Jimi into moving to England where he would really get the chance ...

Organisation, Competition and Environment Assignment

Organisation, Competition and Environment - Assignment Example The Unique Point Tutorials has over a hundred students, taught by Dowell herself with the assistance of some half a dozen teachers for different subjects. Dowell prefers coaching the younger children, leaving the older children of higher grades to the teachers who are specialized in different subjects. As an individual proprietor, Dowell had never felt the need to draw up objectives or targets. Business-wise, she was prospering. However, a few students of the higher standards had opted to change over to the new classes since they were offering offshore services, being affiliated with universities abroad. This has made Dowell think on global terms. On her husband's advice, she consulted a chartered accountant, who has asked her to crystallize her aims and objective, and targets from the current year. She decided on a two-pronged approach to her objectives which were to be external objectives and stakeholders'/internal objectives. To institutionalize her tutorial with her husband as a co-associate, and draw up a Memorandum of Association and encourage interested parents to become members in the association, with a view to promote total education for everybody in the locality. With a view to further strengthen her position vis--vis the competiti... To formulate principles of best practice, promote research, and link up with reputed overseas universities. To lobby for increased funding for capital expenditure to rent or purchase additional rooms to accommodate a hundred more students. (http://www.aicafmha.net.au)1 With a view to further strengthen her position vis--vis the competition, Dowell decided to identify her stakeholders and their objectives, and the objectives' status as of date. After deliberating, she concluded that her chief stakeholders were the students, parents and the teachers/staff. She also decided to make time for discussion and consultation with each of them in order to gather useful data and ideas, strengthen relationships, enhance the associations' reputation, improve decision-making, and also make these practices a part of her mainstream business practice. B)The stakeholders'/internal Objectives were: 1) For Students: To pursue and foster learning, enquiry, and through this to realise the Association's mission to be an academic community working together to create a learning environment in which teaching and learning is of the highest quality, supporting students and their personal development, and contributing to the well-being of their region and nation. To offer programmes of study at school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels that provide students with varying entry qualifications, experience and an educational base for a range of employment and further training opportunities. To provide appropriate curricula and learning experiences that satisfy the requirements of relevant professional and accrediting bodies. To provide scholarship to deserving students. To enable students to acquire a working knowledge of core

The British Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

The British Economy - Essay Example Within 1940th – 1970th absolute majority of former British colonies became independent; thus, economic influence of the British Isles within the Commonwealth decreased. Owing to inconsequent regulation in the previous years in 1968 Wilson’s government had to transfer national budget in the economy regime. Besides, in 1967 unprofitable steel industry was nationalized for stabilization of the whole industrial sector. Economic and industrial spheres required urgent restructure. The period of 1970th was marked with high level of socio-economic instability. Pressure of national trade unions increased as a result of limitations of their rights and growing unemployment. Numerous strikes of workers caused million losses. In 1969 trade unions rejected limitation of right for strikes. There was a large disproportion between number of trade unions and employed workers. The majority of labor force in the manufacturing sector was employed at the big plants and enterprises. â€Å"Thus in 1973 establishments with 1000 or more employees employed 42 per cent of the manufacturing labour force and even in 1984, after a wave of closures of large plants, still employed 32 per cent.† (Oulton 1990, 72) Economic recession covered the whole manufacturing sphere, including employment rate, workers’ socio-economic welfare, basic economic indices (GDP, IRR). British citizens regarded a long-term crisis as consequence of entry into EU (1973 – 1975), political i nstability, inappropriate financing of industrial sector. Despite of economic growth of 1980th, share of manufacturing sector in GDP had decreased from 25% up to 14% in 2004. Decrease of manufacturing sector happened mainly due to the reorganization of national economy and growth of service sector. Since early 1980th its output has increased by circa 30%. The same tendency is marked in other countries Such tendency is conditioned with a large-scale closing of large plants and

Financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Financial accounting - Essay Example Liquidity Analysis 12 Investment Analysis 13 Part B 15 Findings 15 Recent Developments 16 Recommendations 17 Part C 17 About IASB & FASB 17 Transitional Reliefs 18 Conclusion 19 References 20 Appendices 24 Introduction This project is divided into three parts. The first part includes the comparative analysis of the two UK-based companies- J Sainsbury Plc and Tesco Plc, based on the financial statements and other relevant information provided in the companies’ 2011 annual reports. This includes the ratio analysis and share price movements along with the FTSE 100 movements for the past four weeks. The second part includes the findings based on the financial analysis from the first part and the recommendations which follow from the findings as to which company has potential for better long-term investment. The third part of the project has the brief history of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and a list of transitional reliefs granted by the two boards for the retrospective application of a new revenue standard to ensure the comparability of revenues across all reporting periods. Objectives of the Project The objectives of this project are: †¢ To make a comparative analysis of Sainsbury and Tesco with the help of ratio analysis, share movements and related industry news †¢ To recommend which company would be better for long-term investment.... The analysis and interpretation is also helped by studying the business news related to the retailers’ industry. The four transitional reliefs related to the revenue recognition standard the IASB and FASB have granted in June 2011, are discussed. Part A Background of Sainsbury & Tesco John James Sainsbury and his wife founded Sainsbury in 1869 with only one retail store in London. Since then it has grown the largest retailer in UK with 934 stores consisting 377 convenience stores and 557 supermarkets. It has a joint ownership in Sainsbury Bank along with Lloyds Banking Group. The company also has 2 property joint ventures with The British Land Company Plc and Land Securities Group Plc. In the year 2010/11 Sainsbury grew by average growth rate of 8.5% in terms of space. It was the first retailer to open a bank in UK and the bank provides loans, credit cards, insurances and savings (J Sainsbury Plc, 2011). Sainsbury operates in 5 strategic areas driven 5 key values: Great food, general and merchandise clothing, complementary services and channels, new business development, and creating property value and growing space (J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2011). Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 in London. The company has a vision to be highly valued by the community, customers, staff and shareholders and to become a modern innovative and growth company applying skills globally (Tesco Plc, 2011). The company has a seven part strategy to expand its business with sustainable long-term growth: Grow the core business in UK, be an outstanding online and store international retailer, become strong in other businesses besides food, grow retail services in all

Congressional District of Texas Campaign Plan

Congressional District of Texas Campaign Plan Khizer Zamani The 23rd Congressional District of Texas is an interesting congressional district. It is a district that shows how the demographics of Texas, and of the United States more generally, are changing. The district is a predominantly Latino one and until the 2014 election, had a Democratic representative; however, the 2014 election caused Republican Bill Hurd to win, unseating Democratic representative Pete Gallego (Ballotpedia, 2014b). As is often the case in politics, it is important to look ahead to the next opportunity. For 2016, how can someone defeat Bill Hurd? One important aspect is, naturally, campaigning. The role of money in politics is increasingly strong, yet it is also important to spend money on media that reaches the target demographic. The 23rd Congressional district is an important one for politics: â€Å"Texas 23rd Congressional District was a battleground district in 2014 due to the fact that the seat was held by a Democrat, but the district had a slight Republican lean and was won by the Republican presidential candidate in both 2008 and 2012† (Ballotpedia, 2014a). The district is more than 70% Hispanic (Ballotpedia, 2014a) and has a 70% high school graduation rate (Ballotpedia, 2014a), a median household income of approximately $46,000 (Ballotpedia, 2014a), and a college graduation rate of about 21% (Ballotpedia, 2014a). The unemployment rate is 6.5% (Ballotpedia, 2014a), and the population is just over 650,000 (Ballotpedia, 2014a). The area is largely rural: â€Å"About the closest thing to a swing district would be freshman Rep. Quico Canseco’s (R-Texas) big and rural 23rd district, running from San Antonio to El Paso† (Blake, 2011). All of these factors indicate that this â€Å"swing† district is winnable by the opposition if they consider how this type of voter works. Marketing segmentation will help here (Weaver, 2013). Dividing up the potential voters on the basis of identity categories will help identify key issues and approaches to meet voters in order to achieve victory. Marketing segmentation is closely related to analyses of voting turnout (Nagler, 2013, p. 27). The typical voter in the 23rd Congressional District in Texas is a relatively lower middle class individual. He or she is likely to be a high school, but not college, graduate. He or she is likely Latino and a hard worker with aspirations for a better life. He or she is likely relatively concerned about their personal economy and is slightly more socially conservative than Texans in other districts, but likely advocates for gay rights. He or she is likely a nominal Catholic or grew up in a culturally Catholic home that informs their ideas about life (Kemp, 2005). This means that the voter may have certain ideas about gender roles, which in turn could influence their votes. The younger median age in this congressional district means that the voters are likely far more digitally connected than the older generation, and they tend to get their news from less traditional sources such as Facebook and even The Daily Show (Baumgartner, 2006). This means that they are actually rather well informed, but have an expectation for immediate responses and irreverence. Despite the problematic aspects of these trends (Popkin, 2006), it is still important to respond to them if victory is the most important thing. Therefore, the hypothetical, proposed campaign – which will be discussed below – will be digital, yet tailored to the demographics of this specific district. Therefore, the ideal candidate for 2016 will be a male of Latino heritage who can appeal to the working class, ideally because he exemplifies the American dream and has worked his way up from humble circumstances. The ideal candidate would be the owner of a blue-collar business and whose personal narrative goes something like he came to the United States at a young age, overcame poverty due to a strong family relationship, went to trade school and now owns a successful, but relatable, business in a blue collar field such as plumbing or HVAC. This would ensure that the candidate is relatable to the economic and cultural dynamics of the congressional district. This does not mean that the path to a democratic victory involves simply dragging out an average Joe or Juan and convincing him to run. It will be a difficult campaign, partly because â€Å"The traditional view in electoral research holds that Congressional election campaigns are principally aimed at highlighting the virtues of the individual candidates† (Kim Leveck, 2013, p. 492). Further, incumbents have a distinct advantage, because they are more experienced at campaigning, because voters often go for that which they already know (Kim Leveck, 2013, p. 492), and because they tend to be higher quality candidates (Kim Leveck, 2013, p. 492). Redistricting has changed the 23rd district in a way that arguably made it more susceptible to voting Republican (Blake, 2011). This means that the incumbent candidate will find it easier to campaign, too, because the voters there are already well matched to his outreach programs know (Kim Leveck, 2013, p. 492). This means that the proposed challenger will have to engage in a campaign that reflects several different aspects. One of these will have to be funding. Money matters in politics, and money changes votes. The individual will have to have much of his own money and will have to obtain support from many powerful people. In terms of the campaign itself, the candidate will likely find success by focusing on the economy and on the Republicans’ distaste for Latinos. Playing up the opponent’s Tea Party ties, if any, could be a useful strategy given that the Republicans in the 23rd district tend to be more moderate and have rebuked the Tea Party in this district (Martin, 2012). The campaign should therefore be heavily focused on digital engagement that dismantles arguments by the incumbent, plays up the hyper-conservative, Tea Party nature of Republicans and their vicious disapproval of Obama’s amnesty policies for undocumented workers. The campaign should still focus on the candidate’s relatability, particularly in terms of his personal narrative and economic success (Coleman Manna, 2000). The campaign should have manifold opportunities for younger people to interact digitally. This could include official social media accounts, contests, and opportunities within the geographically large district for people of all ages to interact with the candidate in person. The gerrymandering that has been undertaken in Texas may have redrawn the district maps, but it has not changed the increasing tide of changes in the state’s demographics. It has not changed overall social trends towards a growing Latino population, increasing economic uncertainty, a more tenuous existence for the middle class, and skepticism regarding rigid belief systems such as homophobia. At the same time, it still means that the district has a large population of conservatives, although they are moving towards a more economically conservative and socially moderate viewpoint. It is possible to flip the 23rd district back in 2016, but it will require planning beginning now. It will require a strong candidate who has an impeccable personal record, yet is still relatable enough for the humble lifestyle of this region. It will also require someone who is capable of traveling across the vast geographic expanse of this district in order to make an impact with constituents and potential voters and to meaningfully campaign in person. This is all doable, but it is important that the right candidate be found immediately and that the campaign launch as soon as possible after the candidate is vetted. Works Cited Ballotpedia. (2014a). Texas’ 23rd Congressional District Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia.org. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://ballotpedia.org/Texas’_23rd_Congressional_District Ballotpedia. (2014b). Texas’ 23rd Congressional District elections, 2014 Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia.org. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://ballotpedia.org/Texas’_23rd_Congressional_District_elections,_2014 Baumgartner, J. (2006). The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth. American Politics Research, 34(3), 341–367. doi:10.1177/1532673X05280074 Blake, A. (2011). The GOP’s big Texas gerrymander. Washington Post. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/the-gops-strong-texas-gerrymander/2011/06/02/AGP56VHH_blog.html Coleman, J. J., Manna, P. F. (2000). Congressional Campaign Spending and the Quality of Democracy. The Journal of Politics. doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00032 Kemp, C. (2005). Hispanic Health. bearspace.baylor.edu. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from https://bearspace.baylor.edu/Charles_Kemp/www/hispanic_health.htm Kim, H. a., Leveck, B. L. (2013). Money, Reputation, and Incumbency in U.S. House Elections, or Why Marginals Have Become More Expensive. American Political Science Review, 107(03), 492–504. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000245 Martin, G. (2012). Canseco concedes to Gallego in District 23 San Antonio Express-News. MySanAntonio.com. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Canseco-concedes-to-Gallego-in-District-23-4023778.php Nagler, J. (2013). Who Votes Now? Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. Princeton. Popkin, S. L. (2006). Changing media, changing politics. Perspectives on Politics, 4(02), 327–341. Weaver, J. (2013). Market Segmentation. Bournemouth University Foundation Degree Southwest. Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://media3.bournemouth.ac.uk/marketing/07segmentation/04strategies.html

The pulse code digitization and companding on a signal Essay example --

AIM The main aim of this project is to demonstrate the pulse code digitization and companding on a signal and to observe the effects of sampling depths and companding on the signal to noise ratio (SQR). INTRODUCTION PCM- In the pulse code modulation (PCM), the signal is a digitally represented analog signal in which the signal magnitude is sampled with uniform intervals. Each sample is quantized to the closest value of the digital signal. In the pulse code modulation, the signal is binary. The two possible states represented in PCM are logic 1(high) and logic 0 (low). The main advantage of PCM signal is that it is derived from analog signal which is multiplexed with data from the computer and carried over a common high-speed channel. COMPANDING- The combination of compressing and expanding is known as companding. In companding, the data is compressed before it is sent and then expanded at the receiving end using the same non-linear scale. The noise and crosstalk levels at the receiver are reduced due to companding. It is used in wireless microphones for better dynamic range and also in digital and telephony systems for compressing of the input signal and expanding of the output signal. The below figure 1 shows the demonstration of PCM with and without companding. Figure1- PCM with and without companding Procedure to create PCM and companding on excel sheet The PCM and companding of a signal is done on a spreadsheet using excel. Firstly, a sine wave is created by varying the time with respect to the amplitude. The frequency of the signal is taken as 10 Hz. The quantization process of the signal will be done. A quantized sine wave is then created. Now the number of levels cell (N) should be created. We take the value ... ...ude=0.1, large N=8. GRAPH I) Plot of SQR vs Amplitude with Companding (mu=255) and without Companding (mu=0). GRAPH J) Plot of SQR vs bit depth both with Companding (mu=255) and without Companding (mu=0). Where A=1, and bit depths are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256. CONCLUSION: This lab was carried out to compand and quantizes a voice signal. We In the Using the pulse modulation technique, the analog signal is converted into the digital signal. The process of quantization and companding of a signal is carried on the spreadsheets. To attain a clear signal to quantization noise ratio, the number of samples should be increased. By increasing the sampling depth, the quantization error can be minimized. By companding process, the quantization noise and distortion levels can be minimized. Companding improves response for low amplitude signals.

Jane and Hester

Love is something defined as happiness, but what does love mean when it begins to hurt that person and traps them completely? The definition of love changes and becomes a continuous struggle to escape or run away from the evils it possesses. No matter how sever the pain, love is never sub sided. Hester Pynne and Jane Eyre are both characters that involve themselves in a romance that overcomes them entirely. In each novel their love and feelings turn into a fallacy in which they learn of secrets, lies, guilt, and death. Jane and Hester cannot run from their problems, they are forced to face secrets, sin, and death to be with the ones they love. Although the women are both independent, they start to rely on someone that they fall in love with. Someone that they believe is meant to be with them until death. However, when things go wrong, their first instinct is to run away entirely. What’s stopping them? â€Å"Gentle reader, may you never feel what I then felt! May your eyes never shed such stormy, scalding, heart-wrung tears as poured from mine. May you never appeal to Heaven in prayers so hopeless and so agised as in that hour left my lips: for never may you, like me, dread to be the instrument of evil to what you wholly love†(Bronte 306). Jane Eyre’s passion for Mr. Rochester was miserable, but the small moments in which he made her feel infinite, kept her from staying away. Hester was alike in the way of love, but knew better then to leave the village that her secret lover lived in. She wanted him to be safe from the evils of society. What kept Hester from truly leaving? Hester like Jane knew she could live on her own and be independent, but Hester showed her strength from the beginning because she knew that leaving the one she loved, would only cause her misery. She knew that Pearl would be a constant reminder that she sinned and could not love Dimmesdale without reticule. â€Å"It is to the credit of human nature, that, except where its selfishness is brought into play, it loves more readily than it hates. Hatred, by a gradual and quiet process, will even be transformed to love, unless the change is impeded by a continually new irritation of the original feeling of hostility. (Hawthorne 126). Hester’s hate towards the Puritan society and Dimmesdale for not suffering with her was interfered by love. Its power let Hester believe that no matter she went or who she met, her heart would be forever with Dimmesdale. Jane was more oblivious, she believed she was strong enough to walk away from love, but in the end it conquered all the hate and lies. Both women knew that running from love is like running from death, inevitable. What little time a person has to live a full and happy life, what little time a person has to waste it. Jane and Hester are both strongly connected to Mr. Rochester and Dimmesdale and the last thing they think about is the death of their loved one. They are both so in love that they want every second of their life to be spent with one another. This is an example of why the women find a hard time leaving their lovers. They know how fragile life is and how quickly their loved ones can be taken away from them. Jane learned the value of life through her many experiences in which everything she had ever loved was taken away by death. If others didn’t love me, I would rather die than live—I cannot bear to be solitary and hated†(Bronte 62). Hester learned in a harder way, for she learned this experience when the pain of the sin that Dimmesdale and her both committed had taken Dimmesdale to his death bed. Hester tried to savor every moment with him, but under such restrictions of puritan society, it was nearly impossible. She did know however that death was inevitable from day one, and that leaving the village would only ruin the time she had left with Dimmesdale. But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the  force  of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghostlike, the spot where some great and marked event has given the color to their lifetime; and still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it†(Hawthorne 66). Hester knew that the day the secrets were revealed it would only be bittersweet, she knew her love would be forced to an end. Jane was the same, but she handled it by avoiding all bad that was present. The purpose of a secret is to keep someone safe from discovering something that could impose harm on another. The irony of a secret is that it causes guilt and temptation rather than the satisfying feeling of helping another. Hester and Jane have lovers that hold secrets that inflict pain, fear, and guilt to themselves and others. But what is a secret that is taken too far? â€Å"‘Sir,' I answered, ‘a wanderer's repose or a sinner's reformation should never depend on a fellow-creature. Men and women  die; philosophers falter in  their wisdom, and Christians in goodness: if any one you know has suffered and erred, let him look higher than his equals for strength to amend, and solace to heal’†(Bronte 206). Hester and Jane know that with secrets comes sin, but they are both so deeply in love with that sin that they are trapped in the middle of moral values and the nature of love. Each novel however, has a consequence of sin and secret. These consequences are what keep Hester and Jane close to Dimmesdale and Mr. Rochester. The consequences are things such as pain, torture, lies, and reticule. When the women see how strong their love is they fight through those consequences of pain and lies to keep that love alive, for they know it’s the only happiness they have ever felt. â€Å"But this had been a sin of passion, not of principle, nor even purpose†(Hawthorne 158). There is a bond that keeps two people together, a bond that has no definition and changes through experiences and struggles. A bond called love. It’s a something that cannot be ripped apart just by running away or trying to avoid it. The authors of both books show that sin, death, and love are all inevitable. Jane and Hester cannot run from their problems, they are forced to face secrets, sin, and death to be with the ones they love. In their lives they have found that the attachment they had was worth fighting for. â€Å"Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs†(Bronte 51). So in conclusion both books show how love is a bond that cannot be broken, it’s a power that is higher than the lies or wrong doings of their lovers. Hester and Jane show courage and strength by not being able to stay away from the ones they love, but instead fighting for the happiness they believe in.

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article In English grammar, the term  zero article  refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the  zero determiner. In general, no article is used with proper nouns, mass nouns where the reference is indefinite, or plural count nouns where the reference is indefinite. Also, no article is generally used when referring to means of transport (by plane) or common expressions of time and place (at midnight, in jail). In addition, linguists have found that in  regional varieties of English known as New Englishes,  omitting an article is often done to express non-specificity. Examples of the Zero Article In the following examples, no article is used before the italicized nouns. My mothers name is Rose. I gave her a rose on  Mothers Day.Every mile is two in winter.This plant grows in  sandy soil and on the edges of swamps.David Rockefeller was authorized to hold the position of director of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Zero Article in American and British English In American and British English, no article is used before words such as  school, college, class, prison  or  camp  when these words are used in their institutional sense. The students start school in the fall.College provides opportunities for students to learn and meet new people. However, some nouns that are used with definite articles in American English are not used with articles in British English. When I was in the hospital, I often wished there were fewer hours in the day.[American English]When Elizabeth was in  hospital, she was occasionally visited by her parents.[British English] The Zero Article With Plural Count Nouns and Mass Nouns In the book English Grammar, Angela Downing writes that the loosest and therefore most frequent type of generic statement is that expressed by the zero article with plural  count nouns  or with  mass nouns. Count nouns are those that can form a plural, such as dog or cat. In their plural form, count nouns are sometimes used without an article, especially when they are referred to generically. The same is true when the noun is plural but of indefinite number. Dogs love to run around outside.The boy loves to play with toys. Mass nouns are those that cannot be counted, such as air or sadness. They also include nouns that are not usually counted but that can be counted in some situations, such as water or meat. (These nouns can be counted using certain measurements, such as some or much.) Clean air is important for a healthy environment.The man was overcome by sadness when he lost his home. Sources Cowan, Ron.  The Teachers Grammar of English: a Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Downing, Angela.  English Grammar. Routledge, 2006.Platt, John T., et al.  The New Englishes. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essays

The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essays The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essay The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essay The term Sustainability can be described as a province in which world is populating within the transporting capacity of the Earth. This means that the Earth has the capacity to suit the demands of bing populations in a sustainable manner and is hence besides able to supply for future coevalss. Humankind is nowadays confronting the fact that it has exceeded the Earth s carrying capacity with its intensive industrial activities, pollution, and resource development ( Rene. v. Schomberg ) . This means we must do strong and conjunct displacement of development in way where Earth can prolong humankind demands. This conjunct and incorporate action and alteration of way can be referred to as sustainable development. Changes and incorporate action can be foremost applied on micro flat sectors like excavation industries, where cumulative effects of such little alterations can give really good consequences, in footings of sustainable development, ( Rene. v. Schomberg ) . The Brundtland Commission s ( 1987 ) vision of sustainable development is meant to run into the demands of the present coevals without sabotaging the capacity of future coevalss to run into their demands. Sustainable development can be looked at as a procedure ; this procedure involves the economic, societal and cultural facets of world every bit good as the environmental wellness of the planet, ( Brundtland, 1987 ) . This study is to lucubrate on the Mining and Minerals sector, how Sustainable development can be applied to the sector to face present challenges. Challenges in the Sector In the past decennary, the excavation and minerals industry has come under enormous force per unit area to better its societal, developmental, and environmental public presentation, ( Maja mitich ) . Like other parts of the corporate universe, companies are more routinely expected to execute to of all time higher criterions of behavior, traveling good beyond accomplishing the best rate of return for stockholders. They are besides progressively being asked to be more crystalline and capable to third-party audit or reappraisal. In response, a figure of companies, either independently or with other histrions, is set uping voluntary criterions that frequently go beyond any jurisprudence. But even so, some perceivers remain fishy that many concerns are simply prosecuting in public dealingss exercisings and doubt their earnestness. In peculiar, the industry has been neglecting to convert some of its constituencies and stakeholders that it needfully has the social license to run in many countries of the universe. Despite the industry s undoubted importance in run intoing the demand for minerals and its important parts to economic and societal development, concerns about facets of its public presentation prevail. Mining refinement, and the usage and disposal of minerals have in some cases led to important local environmental and societal harm, ( Cronje et al. , 2005 ) . It is non ever clear that mining brings economic and societal benefits to the host states, as the minerals sector sometimes operates where there is hapless administration, including corruptness, ( G.J. Coakley, 1999 ) . In some instances, communities and autochthonal groups near or around mines allege human rights maltreatments. Many states and communities depend on minerals production as a beginning of income and a agency of development. And with turning trade liberalisation and denationalization, much of the investing in minerals geographic expedition and production has turned to developing and passage states. Mining is of import in 51 developing states accounting for 15-50 % of exports in 30 states and 5-15 % of exports in a farther 18 states, and being of import domestically in 3 other states. About 3.5 billion people live in these states, with approximately 1.5 billion populating on less than US $ 2 per twenty-four hours, ( World Bank, 2002 ) . Minerals development can make many chances, including occupations, a transportation of accomplishments and engineering, and the development of local substructure and services. However, there is sometimes a deficiency of capacity, cognition, and inducements to turn investing into development. The industry has generated wealth in direct and indirect ways but, it is alleged, there is a mismatch of chances and jobs the wealth frequently being enjoyed far from the communities and environments that feel the inauspicious impacts. Sustainable development aims A reappraisal of literatures on sustainability suggests that sustainability can be described in footings of societal, economic and environmental provinces that are required in order for overall sustainability to be achieved. The World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) ( 2002 ) Plan of Implementation provides scope of sustainable development aims that should be aimed in order to accomplish sustainability. Environmental Sustainable Development Aims: Size, productiveness and biodiversity: Ensure that development conserves or increased the size, biodiversity and productiveness of the biophysical environment. Resource direction: Ensure that development supports the direction of the biophysical environment. Resource extraction and processing: Ensure that development minimizes the usage of support of environmentally damaging resource extraction and processing patterns. Waste and pollution: Ensure that development manages the production of waste to guarantee that this does non do environmental harm. Water: Ensure that development manages extraction, ingestion and disposal of H2O in order non to adversely impact the biophysical environment. Energy: Ensure that development manages the extraction and ingestion of resources in order non to adversely affect natural systems, ( Rene v. Schomberg ) . Economic Sustainable Development Aims: Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ccsenet.org/jsd ) : Employment and self-employment: Ensure that development supports increased entree to employment and supports self-employment and the development of little endeavors. Efficiency and effectivity: Ensure that development ( including engineering specified ) is designed and managed to be extremely efficient and effectual, accomplishing high productiveness degree with few resources and limited waste and pollution. Autochthonal cognition and engineering: Ensure that development takes into history and draws on, where appropriate, autochthonal cognition and engineering. Sustainable accounting: Ensure that development is based on a scientific attack that takes in to account, and is formed by, societal, environmental and economic impacts. An enabling environment: Develop an enabling environment for sustainable development including the development of transparent, just, supportive policies, procedures and frontward planning. Small-scale, local and diverse economic systems: Ensure that development supports development of small-scale, local and diverse economic systems, ( Gibberd, 2005 ) . Social Sustainable Development Aims: Entree: Ensures that development supports increased entree to land, equal shelter, finance, information, public service, engineering and communications where this is needed. Education: Ensure that development improves degrees of instruction and consciousness, including consciousness of sustainable development. Inclusive: Ensure that development processes, and benefits, are inclusive. Health, Safety and Security: Ensure that development considers human rights and supports improved wellness, safety and security. Engagement: Ensure that development supports interaction, partnerships which must be influenced by the people that it affects. This description provides simple definitions for sustainability and sustainable development. A utile facet of the definition is that it provides both an ultimate province that must be strived for a crestless wave set of actions or aims, which if addressed and implemented, will take towards sustainable development, ( Gibberd, 2005 ) . Sustainable Development Framework for the Minerals and Mining Sector Using the construct of sustainable development to the minerals sector does non intend doing one mine after another sustainable . The challenge of the sustainable development model is to see that the minerals sector as a whole contributes to human public assistance and wellbeing today without cut downing the potency for future coevalss to make the same. Thus the attack has to be both comprehensive taking into history the whole minerals system and frontward looking, puting out long-run every bit good as short term aims, ( Bronze Award Essay ) . Traveling from the construct of sustainable development to action requires: a robust model based on an in agreement set of wide rules ; an apprehension of the cardinal challenges and restraints confronting the sector at different degrees and in different parts and the actions needed to run into or get the better of them, along with the several functions and duties of histrions in the sector ; a procedure for reacting to these challenges that respects the rights and involvements of all those involved, to be able to put precedences, and ensures that action is taken at the appropriate degree an incorporate set of establishments and policy instruments to guarantee minimal criterions of conformity every bit good as responsible voluntary actions ; and verifiable steps to measure advancement and surrogate consistent betterment. If the minerals sector is to lend positively to sustainable development, it needs to show uninterrupted betterment of its societal, economic, and environmental part, with new and evolving administration systems. The sector needs a model within which it should judge and prosecute any development. Achieving Success in the Sector One of the cardinal factors for sustainability in this sector is change, a alteration that can merely be realised when all stakeholders are committed in implementing the model for sustainable development. I n other to ease seting sustainable development into pattern in the excavation and minerals sector, policy shapers need to choose a mixture of rules from the sustainable development model outlined above which requires histrions in the minerals sector to be publically committed to explicit and well-understood ends and aims. Leadership from the top is a must, as is the demand to guarantee that all employees understand what sustainable development entails. This is necessary non merely for companies but besides for authorities ministries and sections at all degrees, every bit good as labor, civil society organisations, and host communities, ( Dr. Sekou Conde ) . Decision The construct of sustainable development is non new for it brings together thoughts from a long history of human development into one common model. This is going an progressively of import usher and justice for many histrions whether from authorities, industry, or civil society. There is small disagreement about the wide rules contained in the model, although different groups and persons accord different precedences to the assorted domains economic, environmental, societal, and administration depending on their involvements and their degree of understanding and execution. These precedences will find the waies of action for execution of the rules. The differences do non take away from the high degree vision of sustainable development, which allows for different iterative and of all time bettering attacks. For betterment these actions has to be enforced: Consistency with the sustainable development model ; Continuous and clearly defined aims and inducements to alter towards better pattern ; SMART particular, monitorable, accomplishable, realistic, and time-bound attack ; Enforcing higher degrees of trust and cooperation ; and, Where possible, built on bing constructions and establishments. In many ways the image today is already more positive than it was some decennaries ago. There remains much to be done in bettering the sector s part to all facets of sustainable development. Furthermore, the largest companies and their newest operations at least are now being held to higher criterions. Indeed, the best excavation operations are now in the sustainable development vanguard non simply in front of what local ordinances demand, but accomplishing higher societal and environmental criterions than many other industrial endeavors.